Personal Office B.V. - Country-db, Cyprus

A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to seize control of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish-held area declared itself the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), but it is recognized only by Turkey. The latest two-year round of UN-brokered talks - between the leaders of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities to reach an agreement to reunite the divided island - ended when the Greek Cypriots rejected the UN settlement plan in an April 2004 referendum.

The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under direct government control, and is suspended in the areas administered by Turkish Cypriots. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of European Union states. Nicosia continues to oppose EU efforts to establish direct trade and economic links to north Cyprus as a way of encouraging the Turkish Cypriot community to continue to support reunification.

Cyprus is at the north-eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea at the crossroads of Europe and Africa. It covers an area of 9.251 sq km. Cyprus has a pleasant climate with dry, hot summers and mild winters.

The population of Cyprus is about 784,000. Greek Cypriots form the largest ethnic community representing approximately 78%, Turkish Cypriots comprise the second largest community representing 18% and the remaining 4% representing other minorities.

Cyprus became an independent Republic in 1960. The political system is modelled on Western democracies in which individual rights are respected and private enterprise is given every opportunity to develop. Under its Constitution, Cyprus has a presidential system of Government. The President is the Head of State and is elected for a five-year term of office.

The executive arm of the Government is the Council of Ministers to which the President appoints members. The Ministers are responsible for the administration of all matters falling within the domain of their ministries and for the implementation of legislation. Legislative power is in the hands of the House of Representatives, which consists of 56 elected members who hold office for a period of five years. A multi-party system operates in Cyprus and the electoral system is based on proportional representation.

The legal system is based on that of the United Kingdom and all statutes regulating business matters and procedure are based on English law. Most laws are officially translated into English.

The economy of Cyprus is based on a free enterprise system. The Government's role is limited to regulation, planning and the provision of public utilities. During the last fifteen years, the economy of Cyprus has demonstrated spectacular growth and its currency has enjoyed relative stability. Cyprus is a member of the European Community.

Greek, English and Turkish are the official languages of Cyprus. English is widely spoken and understood, particularly in commercial and government sectors.

The official currency is the Cypriot pound. There is an exchange control, but does not apply to IBC companies. The type of law is the Civil Code with many English Common Law influences. The principal corporate legislation is the Companies Law 2001, Cap. 113, as amended.

Company Information

The type of company for international trade and investment companies incorporated under the Companies Law, Cap 113, as amended, is the International Business Company, which needs to obtain Exchange Control permission from the Central Bank of Cyprus to acquire IBC company status.

The procedure to incorporate is the following: by submission of the Memorandum and Articles of Association to the Registrar of Companies, together with an affidavit before a court and the appropriate registration fee.

An IBC can’t undertake to the business of banking, insurance or the rendering of financial services to the public unless special permission is granted. IBC’s can’t trade with resident individuals or companies situated in Cyprus other than in relation to the maintenance of premises, banking and professional services, unless they have special permission from the Central Bank of Cyprus.

The powers and objects of a Cyprus company are contained within the Memorandum of Association and have to be specific.

The language and legislation of corporate documents: either English or Greek. A registered office is required, it must be maintained in Cyprus. Shelf companies are available. Timescale to incorporate: approximately two - five days, subject to name approval.

Names may be expressed in Greek or any language using the Latin alphabet if the Registrar is in receipt of a Greek or English translation and the name is not considered undesirable.

Names requiring consent or licence: bank, trust, building society, insurance, assurance, reinsurance, their foreign language equivalents or any name that the Registrar considers may have a connection with the aforementioned. The following suffixes denote limited liability: Limited or Ltd.

There is disclosure of beneficial ownership to government authorities, but only to the Central Bank of Cyprus, where strict confidentiality is legally protected.

Compliance

An application has to be made to the Registrar of Companies for the approval of the name. After the approval of the name, a Cyprus lawyer has to file with the Registrar the necessary documents and fees.

The share capital must be expressed in Cyprus pounds. The usual authorised share capital of a Cyprus IBC company is CYP 5,000 and the minimum issued and paid up capital is CYP 1000. For companies wishing to establish a physical presence in Cyprus, the minimum is CYP 10,000.

The following classes of shares are permitted: registered shares of par value, preference shares, redeemable shares and shares with no voting rights. By virtue of special provisions in the Cyprus income tax laws, the net chargeable profits of Cyprus IBC Companies are taxed at a rate of 10%.

Cyprus has concluded 38 double tax treaties with: Austria, Bulgaria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Kuwait, Malta, Mauritius, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, (including most of the CIS countries, i.e. Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Uzbekistan and Ukraine), Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Syria, Taijikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, USA and the former Yugoslavia.

There are no licence fees. Audited financial statements have to be submitted to the Cyprus Taxation Authority and to the Central Bank of Cyprus annually.

The minimum number of directors is one. They may be natural persons or bodies corporate, be of any nationality and need not be resident in Cyprus. All Cypriot companies must appoint a company secretary, who may be a natural person or body corporate. It is advisable to appoint a resident company secretary. The minimum number of shareholders is one.

Holding Companies

Private Limited Liability Company

The nominal capital of a private limited liability company is divided up into shares that are owned by its members. The liability of each member is limited to the sum (unpaid, where applicable) of the shares owned. This kind of company can be set up by a single individual.

Foreign Companies

Foreign Companies are defined in Article 346 of the Companies Law, Chapter 113, as "Companies registered outside Cyprus which have designated Cyprus as a place of business".

Foreign Companies, which may have legal personality in their country of establishment, are entitled to submit supporting documents to the Companies Registrar and be registered in Cyprus within one month of becoming established in Cyprus.

The following documents should be submitted to the Companies Registrar:

Cyprus is a well established international centre, has been critically assessed of constituting an attractive location for holding companies from a tax perspective, among others. This is due to the accession of Cyprus to the European Union (EU) and the enactment of the new Cyprus tax legislation, which is now compatible with the acquis communautaire. Cyprus laws and practices are now harmonised with the EU Laws and Directives, the Code of Conduct and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's recommendation on Harmful Tax Corporation.

Unlike other countries in Europe, a Cyprus Holding Company must only hold at least 1% of the share capital of a foreign subsidiary in order to receive the tax benefits awarded by the new tax reform.

A uniform 10% corporate tax rate, applicable to the worldwide income, is now levied on all resident companies from the 1st of January, 2003. This is the lowest corporate tax rate in the European Union and thus the most advantageous standard rate of corporation tax for Cyprus.

The new taxation status on Company is residence-based. A company is only 'resident in the Republic' if its business is centrally managed and controlled in Cyprus. Therefore, under the new rules, a resident corporation is taxable on its worldwide income accrued or arising from sources both within and outside Cyprus if it is managed and controlled from Cyprus.

In view of the new tax legislation, the Holding International Business Companies operating from Cyprus are now in a much more beneficial position because they can enjoy the benefits deriving from the tax exceptions as well as the corporate tax benefits by virtue of the new tax legislation.

In view of the new tax legislation 50% of interest received by corporation is tax exempt, excluding interest received from the recipient's ordinary course of business or closely connected with the recipient's ordinary business.

Dividends received from abroad are now totally exempt from corporation tax by virtue of the new tax legislation. Furthermore, they are also exempt from the 15% defence contribution provided that the direct holding is at least 1% of the share capital of the overseas company.

In view of the incorporation of the EC Merger Directive 90/434/EEC into the new tax law, there are tax exemptions on the transfer of assets (including shares) under a reorganisation (merger / de-merger / transfer of assets).

Tax Profits from buying and selling shares are exempt from tax. Furthermore, there is no capital gains tax except for the 20% capital gains tax applying on gains accruing from disposal of immovable property held in Cyprus and shares in non-listed companies, which own immovable property in Cyprus.

The profits from a permanent establishment abroad are exempt from taxation. The exemption does not apply if (i) the Permanent establishment directly or indirectly engages in more than fifty per cent (50%) in activities that produce investment income, and (ii) the foreign tax burden is substantially lower than that in Cyprus.

With the accession of Cyprus in the EU, double taxation relief will be available to all Cyprus branches, of companies resident in other member states in the European Union, since there is no discrimination between the companies' resident in a member state and the branches of such companies residence in another member state.

Dividends paid to non-resident shareholders are exempt from withholding tax. In fact, Cyprus does not impose withholding taxes on payments of dividend, interest and royalties (provided the intellectual property rights are not used in Cyprus) to non-resident recipients.

Tax losses for the year 2000 onwards may be carried forward indefinitely. Losses incurred abroad by a permanent establishment of a Cyprus company can be offset against profits of the Cyprus company.

The group relief rules are now enacted, providing for group relief of tax losses between a holding company and its subsidiaries in the event where the holding company owns at least 75% of the subsidiary directly or indirectly and/or otherwise among companies of the same group for the whole year. However, losses brought forward will not be available for group relief. By virtue of the said rules a company is considered as a member of a group if it is at least a 75% subsidiary of the other, or both companies are at least the 75% subsidiaries of a third company.

Cyprus combines a low-tax regime with a network of double tax treaties. It has concluded the highest number of double tax treaties compared to any other offshore jurisdiction, particularly with Central and Eastern European Countries and a number of Middle Eastern countries. Most of the treaties follow the OECD model and all of them have the impact of reducing or eliminating the normal withholding taxes imposed by the contracting states on dividends, interest and royalty payments. This is beneficial for trade with certain Eastern European Countries and Russia because foreign investors investing in Eastern Europe have the opportunity to channel their investments through a country, such as Cyprus, which has a treaty with the investment recipient country allowing for a reduction and in some cases elimination of the withholding taxes.

Cyprus, one of the smallest European low tax jurisdictions, is a suitable place for locating an intermediary company due to the island's combination of tax treaties and low-tax regime. Dividends can flow through the Cyprus company totally tax free and the company can be used to take advantage of the extensive network of double tax treaties.

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Cyprus